Plagiarize versus Paraphrase, Part 2

UPDATE 1/8/21

To assure that you don’t plagiarize in your writing, all you need to do is change the order of the words or substitute a few words with similar words. Right? Wrong!

This blog article will make me sound like a real by-the-book killjoy. It’s one thing to discuss the unethical (and illegal) nature of plagiarism, as I did in Plagiarize versus Paraphrase Part 1. But paraphrasing—how can anyone mess up something as simple as paraphrasing?

Recall that Merriam-Webster defines paraphrasing as “a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form.” Let’s dig deeper.

Who Has to Worry?

Paraphrasing and plagiarism are primarily the concerns of writers of nonfiction. In works such as academic reports, research findings, and white papers, the writer must demonstrate his or her understanding of the material by offering an original expression of the subject. In the world of publishing, self-help and how-to books —even memoir—can fall prey to copying the work of others.

Fiction writers must be wary of plagiarizing also. In fiction, simply changing character names, locations, or time periods cannot guarantee you will not be accused of plagiarism if your story is otherwise much like that of another writer and lacks sufficient uniqueness. A solid combination of unique characters, settings, dialogue, and plot details are the hallmarks of original stories.

Writers of all genres must learn what is acceptable and what is not when sourcing the words of others.

Four Strategies to Avoid Plagiarism

The Macmillan Dictionary defines paraphrasing as “to express what someone else has said or written using different words, especially in order to make it shorter or clearer.” But be warned, that definition does not paint the entire picture.

These four strategies ensure effective paraphrasing:

1. Use synonyms for all words that are not generic. Words like planet, food, or science are so basic to our vocabulary that it is difficult to find a synonym.

2. Change the voice from active to passive and vice versa.

3. Change clauses to phrases and vice versa.

4. Change parts of speech.

Rule of thumb: Combine several of these strategies to rephrase the information so that the meaning of the content appears in your words. The use of only one of these strategies does not guarantee sufficient paraphrasing to avoid an accusation of plagiarism.

What’s a Phrase and What’s a Clause?

I don’t want to turn this article into a dry grammar lesson, but maybe a brief review wouldn’t hurt if you’re vague about your grammar rules and vocabulary.

Synonym: a word that has the same or similar meaning. Little and small. Big and large. Several and some. Happy and cheerful. Fortunate and lucky. Funny, humorous, witty.

Generic: general, common, nonspecific. The opposite is exclusive, particular, or specific. Planet is generic, Krypton is specific. Food is generic, soylent green is specific. Science is generic, sexology is specific.

Active and Passive Voice: refers to the quality of the verb—the voice of the verb tells whether the subject of the sentence performs or receives the action. Voice determines whether the subject acts or is acted upon.

I ate the boring kale salad. (active voice).

The boring kale salad was eaten by me. (passive voice)

Susan drove the beater car. (active)

The beater car was driven by Susan. (passive)

Susan changed the flat tire on the beater. (active) The flat tire on the beater was changed by Susan. (passive)

Bill faxed his inadequate resume for the job. (active)

The inadequate resume for the job was faxed by Bill. (passive)

Clause and Phrase: a phrase is a group of words that does not contain a subject (noun) and a predicate (verb). A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. A sentence can consist of one or more clauses.

The old, purple barn (a phrase, no predicate)

Reduced it to ashes (a phrase, no subject)

The old, purple barn stood handsomely, but the fire reduced it to ashes. (complete sentence consisting of two clauses)

The old, purple barn stood handsomely (a clause, with subject [barn] and predicate [stood])

But the fire reduced it to ashes (a clause, with subject [fire] and predicate [reduced])

Parts of speech: The Big Four—noun, verb, adjective, adverb. The parts of speech are many, but these are the four that can most easily be changed to avoid plagiarism.

She succeeded in her balloon business.

Her balloon business was successful.

Her balloon business was considered a success.

All three sentences convey the same idea. The root word succeed is used as a verb in the first, an adjective in the second, and a noun in the third.

I intend to go to her animal blessing service. (intend, verb)

I have every intention of going to her animal blessing service. (intention, noun)

Respect your parents and tax consultants. (respect as a verb)

Be respectful of your parents and tax consultants. (respectful is an adjective)

Show respect for your parents and tax consultants. (respect as a noun)

One Last Thing: Intentional and Unintentional Plagiarism

One last bit of school work: the difference between intentional and unintentional plagiarism.

Intentional plagiarism is copying someone’s words or ideas without citing them, with the intention of passing them off as your own. Simply put, cheating.

Unintentional plagiarism is inadvertently leaving off the required citation(s), likely because you don't understand the rules of citation and plagiarism. A citation is required for any information taken from a source, even if you have sufficiently paraphrased the information.

Originality makes you a writer. To use the words of others makes you a cheat. Numerous surveys over the last decade have found a correlation between the rise in the use of digital tools and increased occurrences of cheating and plagiarism. Those who cheat and get away with it the first time are twice as likely to try it again.

Till next time, stay original.

In addition to my business Strike The Write Tone, I am a contract editor, writing coach, and ghostwriter for The Cheerful Word of Hendersonville, NC.

Plagiarize versus Paraphrase, Part 1

UPDATED 1/8/2021

If you are a writer, chances are good you are also a reader. I’m not trying to be funny. I mean that most writers are life-long voracious readers. Reading a lot as a child is often the gateway drug to becoming a writer. Reading provides writers with ideas for their own stories.

Ah, fiction and its limitless supply of enchanting characters, endless plots, and billions of conflicts, twists, turns, and happy endings. Right? Maybe not.

According to Christopher Booker in his book The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories, there are only seven basic plot types that have been recycled throughout millennia. Those seven plots are:

1. Overcoming the Monster

2. Rags to Riches

3. The Quest

4. Voyage and Return

5. Comedy

6. Tragedy

7. Rebirth

And just to confound us, Booker tosses in two other plot types near the end of the book: Rebellion Against “the One” and Mystery, claiming that these are new plot types in the history of literature, plays, and operas. Really?

The Seven Basic Plots has had its fair share of detractors. Critics felt Booker’s plots were overly generalized. But this isn’t a book review. I have not read Mr. Booker’s book, but I was hard-pressed to think of a work of fiction that couldn’t be labeled as at least one of these plot types. Can you?

Creating unique fictional prose is a daunting task. An original plot. Uniquely engaging characters. Conflict like no one’s ever seen before. And the breath-taking climax no one saw coming. It’s a tall order.

Even works of nonfiction that forge new paths are difficult to create. Finding your unique niche in the competitive world of published nonfiction is not for the faint of heart.

Maintaining Originality

One would think there really should be an unlimited supply of material for nonfiction works. But the advent of the Internet has been a booby trap for the credibility of nonfictional prose. Nonfiction texts often borrow from other nonfiction sources — books, magazine and journal articles, research papers, websites, abstracts, speeches, academic talks, course lectures, and webinars. And it’s OK to borrow, if you do it well. There are entire books to tell you how to properly cite sources; perhaps the best known are A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations by Kate Turabian and Cite Right by Charles Lipson. From Wikipedia to YouTube to TED Talks, unlimited information on every subject is at the writer’s fingertips. And that ease of accessibility is tempting to exploit.

The point is, between only seven (or nine) plot types and limitless access to information of every imaginable sort, it’s tough to be original.

So now I will get to heart of the matter — plagiarism.

Plagiarism – It’s Not a New Thing

High-profile accusations of plagiarism have made news throughout most of history. Plagiarism weasels its way — intentionally or unintentionally — into books, songs, plays, speeches, and long-form journalism articles with alarming frequency. It happens to the best of ‘em: William Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde, J.K. Rowling, Stephen King, George Harrison, Johnny Cash, Jimmy Page and Robert Plant, even Jane Goodall, MLK, Jr., and (yikes) Helen Keller have all had the dark cloud of an accusation of plagiarism over their heads. Why, in 2014 even a gubernatorial candidate’s jobs plan for her state was copied directly from the plans of four other candidates who ran for governor in previous election cycles. She lost the following year.

I am a writer. I wrote this. Mostly, I craft blog articles and short stories. I have agreed to take part in this year’s NANOWRIMO to force myself to produce something resembling a novel. (Just in case you don’t know, NANOWRIMO is National Novel Writing Month). I have an idea for a story. That’s all I’ve got so far. It’s kind of clever, but I’m not sure how original it is. (I’d tell you what it is, but I don’t want you to steal it from me.)

What Is Plagiarism?

If you look up the definition of plagiarism, you will find:

“the act or instance of plagiarizing.”

Don’t you hate that? If you look up plagiarize, you will find:

“to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own; use (another's production) without crediting the source.

Oh, I almost forgot to credit the source: Merriam-Webster.com.

So if you write something that someone else has written and — this is the important part — try to pass it off as your own, that’s plagiarism. If you plagiarize in a school paper, chances are you will get a failing grade, which damages your GPA, graduation opportunities, and credibility in your academic setting. Oh, and it’s fraud. Plagiarism is typically considered a misdemeanor offense, punishable by fines of up to $50,000. But with plagiarism, the real concern is being sued for fraud and/or copyright infringement. And the tricky thing about plagiarism is, it does not matter whether it is intentional or unintentional. Saying “I didn’t realize I was plagiarizing” won’t cut it as a legal defense.

Plagiarism checker software and apps let you enter text to analyze for originality. Students should use these products because teachers do. In fact, anyone who writes and does not want to inadvertently plagiarize should use a plagiarism checker.

Is Plagiarism the Same as Paraphrasing?

No. No it’s not. Paraphrasing is defined as:

a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form.

Thanks again, Merriam-Webster.com. But I prefer this from macmillandictionary.com:

to express what someone else has said or written using different words, especially in order to make it shorter or clearer.

I think this definition gets to the heart of why most writers paraphrase, to shorter and clarify.

Is Paraphrasing Copacetic?

It is, if it’s truly, properly paraphrased. Paraphrasing is not fraud or copyright infringement, but there are explicit strategies to employ to make certain you are paraphrasing and not plagiarizing. And that’s what I will discuss in my next post. Till then, stay original.

"My grammar's good, I don't need an editor" and other silly things writers say

UPDATE 1/8/2021

I am a member of several closed writers’ groups on Facebook. I won’t name them. No one I have encountered so far is setting the world on fire with his or her prose, but occasionally I will pick up a useful tidbit about a job website to avoid or a publisher who is currently accepting manuscripts about a particular subject.

Today I read a post from a man who was angry. His five self-published books are currently available on Amazon. You can read the first four for free. That’s rarely a good sign. Anyway, he was upset because he’d gotten a one-star review from someone. The review said, and I’m paraphrasing slightly, the author could benefit from the use of an editor. His grammar is so bad, this book isn’t worth reading, even for free.

'I didn't do nothin' wrong

'

The author, in his rant about this review, explained his characters speak with Southern accents, so he used colloquialisms, writing sentences like, “I’m fixin’ to head into town. If you ain’t goin’ with me, just stay here.” He complained that, and again I’m paraphrasing, the reviewer shouldn’t criticize my attempts to capture a Southerner’s way of speaking. These quotes were written this way intentionally.

I agreed with his premise. Colloquialisms are fun in a skillful writer’s hands (think, Twain). So I went to Amazon, found the author and his five books, and easily located the one-star review. I read it, then I started to read the book online. For free. And I’ve got to tell you, the reviewer was right.

This author, and I might be using the word author too freely, has a Facebook page, so I visited it. There I found a long post about the uselessness of spending money (“hundreds, maybe thousands of dollars”) on an editor for a self-published book. It was, to his mind, an unnecessary expenditure.

You don't know what you don't know

You know the saying “You don’t know what you don’t know”? That’s the problem with this poor, misguided fellow. He interpreted the reviewer’s comment to be a criticism of the colloquialisms. But I’m certain that’s not what he meant. Grammatical mistakes occurred often in the prose. He has poor knowledge of punctuation. His paragraphs are long and riddled with passive-voice sentences. In the 20 or so pages I read, the “to be” verbs nearly lulled me to sleep.

And—yes, I’m going to say it—he was guilty of breaking the rule “show, don’t tell.” In one passage, the author talks about a character walking along a dirt road carrying his rifle. He sees a prairie dog “scurrying along the ground” (as opposed to scurrying among the clouds, I guess) and decides to take a shot at it. The next sentence: “He was an excellent shot.” Pretty compelling stuff, right? I guess the reader must assume the bullet found its mark. Or not. Who knows?

I'm an author, dammit.

This writer sees himself as a “published author.” The advent of easy, cheap self-publishing options has given rise to a slew of writing hobbyists who are now “published authors.” I am not a critic of self-publishing. Not at all. I am, however, a critic of folks who call themselves published authors because they can string a few sentences together, create several two-dimensional characters, produce a story with a beginning, middle, and end, and get it on Amazon for all to read.

One of the comments the writer got in this Facebook thread said you need help with your grammar, to which he replied, and I am not paraphrasing this time, I'm not the slightest bit worried about my grammar.

Well sir, shame on you.

Don't settle for "good enough"

The above-mentioned writer is under the impression, according to his post, that typos and occasional grammatical errors are acceptable and should not distract from the overall quality of a book. I couldn’t disagree more. Well, I would say that, wouldn’t I? I am an editor. Be it a blog post, a magazine article, a textbook, or a novel, I do not settle for “pretty good,” “close enough,” or “good enough” when I edit a piece.

And neither should you.

One more observation: I did not post a comment about the writer’s one-star review in the thread, but many in the group did. After a dozen or more folks encouraged

the man to start using an editor because, well, he desperately needs one, he stopped accepting comments. You don’t know what you don’t know.